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  •  2013-08-09 11:33:48   作者:sn   来源:   点击:0   评论:0
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  • 我的家乡:从美国梦到美国噩梦

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    2013-08-08 07:53:31
    关键字 >> 美国梦经济衰落经济衰退制造业衰落工人阶级的衰落美国中产阶级1950年爱平等主义价值观美国一梦

    我老家在俄亥俄州的克林顿港,共6050名居民。本市算得上是美国梦的典型代表。不论父辈是银行家或工人,每个人都有出人头地的机会。

    可半个世纪之后的今天,克林顿港高级中学的停车场上,有钱人家的孩子开着BMW敞篷跑车,无家可归的同学则只能睡在破车里面。美国梦已经变异为各行其道的美国梦魇。这座小城的故事以及孩子们的命运,令人感慨地成为美国历史的象征。

    克林顿港街口

    克林顿港街口

    我上学那会儿,几乎所有同学都是和父母住,小区里大家都能互相叫出名字。有些同学的父亲在本地的汽车零件厂或石膏厂工作,还有一些,例如我父亲,则是小商人。那是工会强势、不愁找不到工作的时代,没有哪家人家遭遇过失业或严重的经济问题。克林顿港高中的学生很少是富家子弟,而仅有的少数有钱学生会拼命掩盖自己的身份。

    半个世纪过后,我当年的同学如今大多已经退休,社会阶层均有所攀升。其中,将近四分之三的人在学历和收入水平上超过父母。我同学这一辈中,三分之一的父母高中没毕业,近一半的父母没上过大学。

    当时,俄亥俄州的公立大学和私立大学学费都不高,因为有当地筹集的奖学金——扶轮社、汽车工人联合会、青年女子俱乐部等组织纷纷倾囊相助。我班上仅有的两名黑人同学遭到种族歧视,父母连小学都没毕业,但他们俩最终都念到了研究生。不管是对两位黑人同学,还是班上的白人同学,家庭背景都不是出人头地的障碍。而在21世纪,家境却成了一道坎。

    我们高中的(白人)风云人物是橄榄球队的四分卫“杰克”(化名)。杰克住在城里的贫民区。他父亲上学只读到八年级,为了养家糊口打两份工:从早上7点到下午3点,在克林顿港制造厂的流水线上工作,然后从3点半到晚上11点在罐头厂工作。虽然杰克的父亲每周要工作70多个小时,他还是去观看了儿子的比赛。杰克一家买不起汽车,只好搭邻居去教堂作礼拜的顺风车,吃简便的蔬菜烧肉丁充饥。父母宁可吃苦也要供杰克上大学。杰克选择了克林顿港高中的大学预备课程,成绩位居班级前四分之一。他的牧师指引他考本州南部地区的路德教学院,并且打电话帮他争取助学金。杰克毕业时没有欠一分钱,继续赴神学院深造,最终成为一名合格的路德教牧师,并在业余时间担任高中橄榄球队教练。

    杰克从井井有条、家境清寒的工人家庭走出来,找到一份不错的工作养家糊口。据对我班上同学最近展开的一次调查,杰克的人生轨迹在那个年代并不稀奇。我的老同学们异口同声地说:“我们那时候很穷,但一点儿感觉都没有。”实际上,根据我们所享有的社会支持的广度和力度,我们是富有的,只是自己感觉不到。

    毕业后,谁也没想到克林顿港会有什么大变化。我们班将近一半人考上了大学,其他留在城里的同学有理由相信自己能找到稳定的工作(如果是男生)、婚姻,过上比父辈更好的生活。

    一座废弃教堂

    一座废弃教堂

    但在全国的经济、社会、文化大背景下,克林顿港高中59届毕业生的子辈和孙辈将陷入险恶的漩涡。对于克林顿港而言,这将是刻骨铭心的变化,反映着全国大势。

    1950、1960年代克林顿港的制造业繁荣开始在1970年代遭到撼动。Standard Products公司的厂房位于城东,1950年代可创造近千个稳定、高薪的蓝领工作岗位,而到了1970年代,薪水削减过半。经过二十多年的裁员和“回报”,枫叶街上的这座工厂最终于1993年倒闭,铁丝网将厂房团团围住,并贴有环保署的毒物标识。这只是本市经济衰落最明显的标志而已。

    渥太华县的制造业就业率从1965年的55%下降到1995年的25%,现在还在一路下跌。截至2012年,渥太华县的工人平均实际工资已40年未涨。按照通货膨胀率因素调整,现在的平均工资比1970年代初还少16%。克林顿港高中的毕业生愈发不愿留在本地。本地人口数量逐年下降。市区里的大部分商店已经倒闭,门可罗雀,因为有能力消费的人越来越少,郊区的沃尔玛也抢了不少生意。

    经济衰退的恶果本来可以在家庭和社区得到缓冲。但随着形势的恶化,1950、1960年代的社会纽带逐渐断裂。青少年犯罪率在1980年代急剧上升,2010年时全国平均水平的三倍。工资降低、世风日下,渥太华县的单亲家庭比例从1970年的10%上升到2010年的20%,同一时期,离婚率翻了4倍。克林顿港作为1980年代本地经济衰退的中心,未婚生子的比例从1978年倒1990年间翻了两番,约占总生育数的40%左右,将近是全国平均水平的两倍。

    不同于1959年的那一届工人家庭的孩子,克林顿港如今的高中学生尽管同样努力、同样优秀,陷入了困难,甚至绝望的境地。18岁的白人女青年“瑞贝卡”(化名)和我孙女是同代人。她的祖父可能就是我的老同学。但是,我依靠本地某公司提供的奖学金考上了大学,他却没有继续念书,而是选择了薪水优厚、稳定的蓝领工作。然后,工厂倒了,蓝领工作岗位也消失了。我的孩子和孙子、孙女可以去精英大学,踏上成功之路,他的孩子却永远找不到稳定工作,周围环境浸染着毒品和罪犯,感情不顺。

    克林顿港初中和杰弗逊小学遗址

    克林顿港初中和杰弗逊小学遗址

    他的孙女瑞贝卡讲述了无人陪伴、无可信赖、无可依靠的伤心往事。她上幼儿园的时候父母就离婚了。母亲离她而去。于是,她经历无人照料、忍饥挨饿的苦日子。父亲后来找的女人殴打瑞贝卡,不给她饭吃,或者把她锁在房间里。瑞贝卡在高中时被逮到贩卖毒品,在少年看守所待过几个月,最终勉强拿到了一个网络学校的文凭。过去的经历让她不愿相信任何人。她手臂上留有男友半夜割伤她的疤痕。她对14岁时流产的孩子恋恋不忘。瑞贝卡与劈腿的孩子父亲分手后,第二个男朋友又在他出狱后欺骗了她,现在,瑞贝卡正在与一个年纪比她大的男人交往。这男人有两个小孩,是和不同的女人生的。R(瑞贝卡)虽然满怀抱负,却不知道自己究竟该往什么方向努力。

    瑞贝卡的故事令人心碎。但克林顿港过去半个世纪以来的历程——和整个美国一样——不只是关于工人阶级的崩溃。故事还有另一面。那就是新的上层阶级的兴起。过去20年间,克林顿港的传统经济衰落了,中西部大城市有钱的专业技术人员则蜂拥至本地,沿着伊利湖建造起守卫有序的豪宅,湖面上满是他们的游艇。截至2011年,高档的卡托巴地区儿童贫困率只有1%,而在仅仅几百米开外的地区,儿童贫困率是51%。从前勃兴的中产阶级消失了,《克林顿港先驱新闻报》的房地产广告栏目上刊登的要么是上百万美元的豪宅,要么是破旧不堪的两连式简易住宅。

    玛丽和飞利浦·贝利在 Seed Faith食品厂

    玛丽和飞利浦·贝利在 Seed Faith食品厂

    1950年代的平等主义价值观与现实之间的强烈对比(例如杰克与R的经历对比)生动地刻画了克林顿港过去半个世纪的兴衰,同时也在很大程度上反映美国的整体进程。我的研究团队遍访得州奥斯汀市、明尼苏达州德卢斯市、亚特兰大、加州的奥兰治县等地,与数十名与R类似的年轻人进行深入交谈。

    美国梦的坍塌是一个各种因素交错的复杂问题。其中有经济和文化方面的原因,还混杂着政府、私营部门、社区和个人的弱点。但最深层次的的原因是,“我们”这个理念彻底消解了。我父母那一辈人会把杰克当作“我们的小孩”,但如今克林顿港没有人会意识到瑞贝卡的存在,更不要说把她当作“我们的小孩”。除非我们把全国像R一样的数百万年轻人当作自己的小孩,否则,我们将付出巨大的经济代价,而美国梦的谈资,将成为可疑的历史虚构。

    (本文原载于8月4日美国《纽约时报》,原题Crumbling American Dreams;观察者网朱新伟 译)

    Crumbling American Dreams

    The demolition of the old Port Clinton Middle and Jefferson Elementary Schools in Port Clinton, Ohio.Andrew Borowiec for The New York TimesThe demolition of the old Port Clinton Middle and Jefferson Elementary Schools in Port Clinton, Ohio.

    My hometown — Port Clinton, Ohio, population 6,050 — was in the 1950s a passable embodiment of the American dream, a place that offered decent opportunity for the children of bankers and factory workers alike.

    But a half-century later, wealthy kids park BMW convertibles in the Port Clinton High School lot next to decrepit “junkers” in which homeless classmates live. The American dream has morphed into a split-screen American nightmare. And the story of this small town, and the divergent destinies of its children, turns out to be sadly representative of America.

    Growing up, almost all my classmates lived with two parents in homes their parents owned and in neighborhoods where everyone knew everyone else’s first name. Some dads worked in the local auto-part factories or gypsum mines, while others, like my dad, were small businessmen. In that era of strong unions and full employment, few families experienced joblessness or serious economic insecurity. Very few P.C.H.S. students came from wealthy backgrounds, and those few made every effort to hide that fact.

    Half a century later, my classmates, now mostly retired, have experienced astonishing upward mobility. Nearly three-quarters of them surpassed their parents in education and in that way advanced economically as well. One-third of my classmates came from homes with parents who had not completed high school and, of that group, nearly half went to college.

    Low costs at public and private colleges across Ohio were supplemented by locally raised scholarships — from the Rotary Club, the United Automobile Workers, the Junior Women’s Club and the like. Although the only two black students in my class encountered racial prejudice in town and none of their parents had finished grade school, both reached graduate school. Neither for them nor for our white classmates was family background the barrier to upward mobility that it would become in the next century.

    Marie and Philip Berry are managers of Seed Faith Food Pantry in Port Clinton.Andrew Borowiec for The New York TimesMarie and Philip Berry are managers of Seed Faith Food Pantry in Port Clinton.

    Our (white) star quarterback, whom I will call J, grew up on the poor side of town. His dad, who had an eighth-grade education, worked two jobs to keep the family afloat — on the line at Port Clinton Manufacturing from 7 to 3, then at the canning factory from 3:30 to 11. Despite his 70-plus-hour workweek, J’s dad made it to J’s games. Unable to afford a car, J’s family hitched rides with neighbors to church every week and ate a lot of hash. Despite their modest background, J’s parents urged him to aim for college, and he chose the college-prep track at P.C.H.S., finishing in the top quarter of our class. His minister pointed him toward a downstate Lutheran institution and made a phone call to help find him financial aid. J graduated debt-free and continued on to seminary and a successful career as a Lutheran minister, coaching high school football on the side.

    J’s rise from a well-knit but modest working-class family to a successful professional career was not atypical, as a recent survey of my classmates revealed. My classmates describe our youth in strikingly similar terms: “We were poor, but we didn’t know it.” In fact, however, in the breadth and depth of the social support we enjoyed, we were rich, but we didn’t know it.

    As we graduated, none of us had any inkling that Port Clinton would change anytime soon. While almost half of us headed off to college, those who stayed in town had reason to expect a steady job (if they were male), marriage and a more comfortable life than their parents’.

    But just beyond the horizon a national economic, social and cultural whirlwind was gathering force that would radically transform the life chances of the children and grandchildren of the graduates of the P.C.H.S. class of 1959. The change would be jaw dropping and heart wrenching, for Port Clinton turns out to be a poster child for changes that have engulfed America.

    The manufacturing foundation of Port Clinton’s modest prosperity in the 1950s and 1960s began to tremble in the 1970s. The big Standard Products factory at the east end of town provided nearly 1,000 steady, good-paying blue-collar jobs in the 1950s, but the payroll was more than halved in the 1970s. After two more decades of layoffs and “give backs,” the plant gates on Maple Street finally closed in 1993, leaving a barbed-wire-encircled ruin now graced with Environmental Protection Agency warnings of toxicity. But that was merely the most visible symbol of the town’s economic implosion.

    Manufacturing employment in Ottawa County plummeted from 55 percent of all jobs in 1965 to 25 percent in 1995 and kept falling. By 2012 the average worker in Ottawa County had not had a real raise for four decades and, in fact, is now paid roughly 16 percent less in inflation-adjusted dollars than his or her grandfather in the early 1970s. The local population fell as P.C.H.S. graduates who could escape increasingly did. Most of the downtown shops of my youth stand empty and derelict, driven out of business by gradually shrinking paychecks and the Walmart on the outskirts of town.

    An abandoned church in Port Clinton, Ohio.Andrew Borowiec for The New York TimesAn abandoned church in Port Clinton, Ohio.

    The social impact of those economic hammer blows was initially cushioned by the family and community bonds that had been so strong in my youth. But as successive graduating P.C.H.S. classes entered an ever worsening local economy, the social fabric of the 1950s and 1960s was gradually shredded. Juvenile-delinquency rates began to skyrocket in the 1980s and were triple the national average by 2010. Not surprisingly, given falling wages and loosening norms, single-parent households in Ottawa County doubled from 10 percent in 1970 to 20 percent in 2010, while the divorce rate more than quadrupled. In Port Clinton itself, the epicenter of the local economic collapse in the 1980s, the rate of births out of wedlock quadrupled between 1978 and 1990, topping out at about 40 percent, nearly twice the race-adjusted national average (itself rising rapidly).

    Unlike working-class kids in the class of 1959, many of their counterparts in Port Clinton today are, despite toil and talent, locked into troubled, even hopeless lives. R, an 18-year-old white woman, is almost the same age as my grandchildren. Her grandfather could have been one of my classmates. But when I went off to college on a scholarship from a local employer, he skipped college in favor of a well-paid, stable blue-collar job. Then the factories closed, and good, working-class jobs fled. So while my kids, and then my grandchildren, headed off to elite colleges and successful careers, his kids never found steady jobs, were seduced by drugs and crime, and burned through a string of impermanent relationships.

    His granddaughter R tells a harrowing tale of loneliness, distrust and isolation. Her parents split up when she was in preschool and her mother left her alone and hungry for days. Her dad hooked up with a woman who hit R, refused to feed her and confined R to her room with baby gates. She says her only friend was a yellow mouse who lived in her apartment. Caught trafficking drugs in high school, R spent several months in a juvenile detention center and failed out of high school, finally eking out a diploma online. Her experiences left her with a deep-seated mistrust of anyone and everyone, embodied by the scars on her arms where a boyfriend injured her in the middle of the night. R wistfully recalls her stillborn baby, born when she was 14. Since breaking up with the baby’s dad, who left her for someone else, and with a second fiancé, who cheated on her after his release from prison, R is currently dating an older man with two infants born to different mothers — and, despite big dreams, she is not sure how much she should hope for.

    R’S story is heartbreaking. But the story of Port Clinton over the last half-century — like the history of America over these decades — is not simply about the collapse of the working class but also about the birth of a new upper class. In the last two decades, just as the traditional economy of Port Clinton was collapsing, wealthy professionals from major cities in the Midwest have flocked to Port Clinton, building elaborate mansions in gated communities along Lake Erie and filling lagoons with their yachts. By 2011, the child poverty rate along the shore in upscale Catawba was only 1 percent, a fraction of the 51 percent rate only a few hundred yards inland. As the once thriving middle class disappeared, adjacent real estate listings in the Port Clinton News Herald advertised near-million-dollar mansions and dilapidated double-wides.

    An intersection in Port Clinton.Andrew Borowiec for The New York TimesAn intersection in Port Clinton.

    The contrast with the egalitarian ethos and reality of the 1950s — the contrast between the upward mobility experienced by J and the bleak prospects of R — vividly captures Port Clinton’s transformation in the last half-century, much like that of the rest of the country. My research team has talked with dozens of R’s from Austin, Tex., to Duluth, Minn., and from Atlanta to Orange County, Calif.

    The crumbling of the American dream is a purple problem, obscured by solely red or solely blue lenses. Its economic and cultural roots are entangled, a mixture of government, private sector, community and personal failings. But the deepest root is our radically shriveled sense of “we.” Everyone in my parents’ generation thought of J as one of “our kids,” but surprisingly few adults in Port Clinton today are even aware of R’s existence, and even fewer would likely think of her as “our kid.” Until we treat the millions of R’s across America as our own kids, we will pay a major economic price, and talk of the American dream will increasingly seem cynical historical fiction.

    A version of this article appeared in print on 08/04/2013, on page SR9 of the NewYork edition with the headline: Crumbling American Dreams.

    854 Comments

    Share your thoughts.

      • Downtown
      • Manhattan
      NYT Pick

      America is a place of constant death and rebirth. Failure and triumph. It is remarkable however that if you look at the areas of america with the highest union membership in the 60's and 70's it is a nearly perfect overlay to today's most economically unviable communities. This is not a coincidence. The US is still the #1 manufacturing country in the world, ( or a close #2 depending on what criteria and currency you use.) the jobs have moved to places whereeople want to work hard and treat a good job as a privelage, not a birthright. Unions have done more harm to the American worker over time than any other force. Detroit is the story of public unions run amok with their continuous purchase of local politicians to protect their narrow minded vision of prosperity.

      • Aug. 5, 2013 at 4:02 a.m.
      • Recommended54
         
      • pelikan
      • france
      NYT Pick

      This wasp descendant of early pioneers - small town SoDakota boy - volunteer USMC 1951/53 - became an expatriate decades ago for professional reasons.
      Faithfull reader of the NYT I have watched day by day - and with incredulity - the gradual decline of the american way of life - the lost wars - the lost peaces -
      Happily I was able to retire in an old european county - much sneered at by such as the WSJ as "cheese eating surrender monkeys" -
      In 40 years the USA has become another planet - unrecognisable -
      My family for 3 generations were GOP - and yet I watched the american people tolerate 2 stolen elections by GWB - who - although an accelerator - was much more a symptom than a cause of this strange disintegration of what had been the hope of the post war world - How many dead young americans on his conscience ?
      My children have had excellent and free education here - a virtually free health service which the WHO calls the world's best - yet they wouldn't think of living in a country founded and built by their forebears - they go there for inexpensive and rather exotic holidays - for professional activities - with their american pasports --
      Yesterday I heard a returning african tourist express shock and amazed stories of homeless street people in San Francisco - once and american shangrilla -
      History repeats - Greece and Rome - and the barbarians of the east gathering ----

      • Aug. 5, 2013 at 10:54 p.m.
      • Recommended255
         
      • J. Innis
      • Portland, Oregon
      NYT Pick

      Some of the laments of this article make no sense. If the low skilled jobs of that era paid so well, why was J's dad forced to work two of them ( a 70 hour week ) just to keep his family afloat? Why bemoan the loss of factories that were EPA health hazards? The simple fact is automation and global competition were inevitable and too think otherwise, is to be naive.

      • Aug. 5, 2013 at 10:57 p.m.
      • Recommended52
         
      • zezee
      • NYC
      NYT Pick

      Nothing will break up a family quicker than economic strain.

      The moral behavior of adults in the 50s was facilitated by secure living wage jobs.

      • In reply to Jonathan I Katz
      • Aug. 5, 2013 at 10:58 p.m.
      • Recommended121
         
      • Norgeiron
      • Honolulu
      NYT Pick

      I am a 66 year old American visiting Australia as I write this, and I am frequently struck by the impression that Australia is the America of my youth---egalitarian, with a strong middle class and an economy that allows women the luxury of NOT having to work outside the home if they have children, as so many of them do. It's like I have taken a time machine trip back to an America that, sadly, no longer exists. Well, folks, it does exist Down Under, proving that a modern, highly advanced society doesn't have to be riven by high inequality and unequal opportunities.
      Tom from Honolulu

      • Aug. 5, 2013 at 10:58 p.m.
      • Recommended158
         
      • Paulo
      • San Francisco
      NYT Pick

      Labor lost. WalMart, Amazon, and others who mastered efficiencies of information technology during the same period when labor unions disappeared, have won. Remember when global competitiveness was going to be good for Americans who didn't need to make or do things any longer? That work in information economy would supplant those jobs? Well, Facebook, Apple, and Google didn't get the memo.

      • Aug. 6, 2013 at 12:27 a.m.
      • Recommended69
         
      • Larry Figdill
      • Charlottesville
      NYT Pick

      Where do you get the idea that unions caused the problem? People in many unionize states, like NY, CT, MA, still do a lot better than those in Mississippi and Alabama. Sure, unions were not able to save the jobs in Detroit, but that is in spite of unions. And if the unions would have been strong everywhere in the US, there might be better jobs everywhere.

      • In reply to Downtown
      • Aug. 6, 2013 at 12:29 a.m.
      • Recommended161
         
      • David A.
      • Brooklyn
      NYT Pick

      Failure and triumph? But when the CEOs fail they get golden parachutes. On the other hand the Stella d'Oro workers in the Bronx worked hard and kept the company profitable. There reward was a buy-out by a private equity firm from Connecticut, followed by a lock-out, and then a move-out.
      The game is rigged.

      • In reply to Downtown
      • Aug. 6, 2013 at 12:29 a.m.
      • Recommended184
         
      • George
      • Pennsylvania
      NYT Pick

      Unfortunately your logic is backwards. Unions were what was responsible for stable middle class jobs by fighting for and obtaining a 40 hour workweek, overtime pay, and family sustaining wages. The problems started with Reagan and were abetted by feckless Democrats like Bill Clinton who happily sold American workers down the river (see NAFTA).

      You stated, "the jobs have moved to places whereeople want to work hard and treat a good job as a privelage, not a birthright." Are you serious? You actually think people in China want to work 60 plus hours for peanuts and live in crowded dormitories where rising suicides required nets strung around the buildings? You really have to get out of wherever you live and see reality.

      • In reply to Downtown
      • Aug. 6, 2013 at 12:29 a.m.
      • Recommended265
         
      • Rocky
      • California
      NYT Pick

      The losers deserve at least some of the blame for their unfortunate circumstances. They voted for political candidates based on their prejudices rather than on their economic circumstances. What business did the most of the people of Janesville, WI have voting for a Republican tax cutter into Congress? In recent years, the GM factory closed and so did the Parker Pen Company. Did their vote have anything to do with gay marriage or rather their opposition to it? The chickens have come to roost. If they haven't been beaten up enough, let them re-elect Congressman Ryan in 2014. I am enjoying my dividend tax cuts and don't need foods stamps anyway.

      • Aug. 6, 2013 at 2:15 a.m.
      • Recommended81
         
      • J
      • NYC
      NYT Pick

      I am not a baby boomer, but a Gen X-er. I grew up poor, but I'm now successful. I can tell you that in the course of my professional day I meet very few people my age or younger who actually grew up poor and was able to move up in the world. Actually... virtually no one. Every one works hard, to be sure, but most all have been placed where they are today by parents who got them into the right schools and the right careers, gave them quiet place to study and a stable place to call home. Otherwise... they just didn't make it.

      I sometimes feel like I caught the last train out on the upward-mobility express.

      • Aug. 6, 2013 at 2:17 a.m.
      • Recommended163
         
      • Mary Sojourner
      • Flagstaff, Az.
      NYT Pick

      Let me guess what corporate board you sit on. Without the unions, American workers would be working in the conditions of the early Industrial Revolution.

      • In reply to Downtown
      • Aug. 6, 2013 at 7:56 a.m.
      • Recommended31
         
      • Ronnie
      • Port Clinton
      NYT Pick

      Mr. DeForest,

      Rest assured that Mr. Putman's piece is NOT an accurate picture of Port Clinton, in my opinion. I, too, knew Rev. Harry Holzapfel very well having been a newspaper editor and photographer in Port Clinton from 1970-1980. The photography accompanying the article is an out-an-out hatchet job. (It showed the demolition of an old elementary school but not the modern elementary or junior high schools that opened in the city this past fall. It also showed a dilapidated church that hasn't been used in, perhaps, 20 years.) As a working journalist these past 43 years (newspapers and magazines), and as a Port Clinton resident since 1970, I can tell with all sincerity that Port Clinton, remains a very nice community. Yes, it could use some fixing up . . . but Mr. Putnam's rose-colored but devastatingly negative portrayal of Port Clinton reads like something out of Dickens rather than real commentary or real-world reporting.

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